Why Was America Taken by Surprise on 11 September 2001 Essay

Why Was America Taken by Surprise on 11 September 2001 - Essay Example The nation itself is protected by solid safeguards. With a land armed force of absolute weapons of 56,269, air intensity of 18, 234 airplanes and maritime intensity of 2,834 ships1 she has become an image of military may. Besides, with a versatile insight organize containing CIA, the nation is clearly ready to fend dangers off. The narrative of 9/11 grew strangely. On the morning of September 11, 2001 four business planes were commandeered by fear based oppressors subsidiary with Al-Qaeda, an Islamic radical gathering. The quantity of fear based oppressors was relied upon to associate with 19 that conveyed self destruction assaults in three better places. The initial two planes collided with the World Trade Center in New York, the third destructed a piece of the Pentagon while the fourth slammed in a field of Pennsylvania. This was a huge and terrible assault on the place that is known for America causing gigantic guarantee damage.2 Who might have expected the day when America disabl ed into the profundities of stun and awfulness with solid cautious shields referenced previously. A significant piece of the American economy prospering in the WTC was flattened. The Pentagon that is the focal dynamic body of the nation was so helpless and the trans-fringe security on the air terminals was frail to such an extent that nobody could keep a beware of any strange exercises. These provisos brought about the passing of more than 3000 civilians3 on 9/11. At the point when the scene of 9/11 is burrowed profound, one goes over a ton of inquiries. For example, for what reason did a non-state entertainer assault America? How could it get the ability to infiltrate inside the nation? Was there an insider included? Does it demonstrate the disappointment of President George W. Bush’s organization or was it another reason to take up arms like the Pearl Harbor assault in 1941? These inquiries have influenced the lives of Americans itself. Directly after the nation was assault ed, President George W. Hedge announced war on dread and set forward a proposition of â€Å"either you are with us or them (terrorists)† before the world creation states pick between the fallen angel and the dark blue ocean. President Bush contributed intensely to wage the war against Osama Bin Laden, the guilty party liable for arranging and executing the assaults. He began with barraging Afghanistan in 2001 which hasn’t halted at this point significantly following 10 years. The assaults had immense effect on the lives of every single American. On the off chance that one returns in time, he will understand that the effect was similarly huge six decades prior when the Empire of Japan assaulted Pearl Harbor toppling U.S Navy on the Hawaiian coast. Like 9/11, the assault on Pearl Harbor came as an astonishment and both the assaults took roughly 3000 lives. On the second day of the assault President Roosevelt announced war on Japan beginning World War II4. It was the firs t run through ever throughout the entire existence of humankind that an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Correspondingly, President Bush reported to chase down each fear based oppressor on the planet directly after the WTC injured. Henceforth, the barrier spending plan began expanding at the expense of human lives. The most striking and amusing reality about these two assaults was that both the Presidents thought about them ahead of time. They realized that their nation was under danger and could be assaulted at any second. It was in a paper on 30th November 1941 that cautioned of Japanese strike on the American country when the maritime armada went under assault on seventh December 1941. The President was addressed with respect to information on the assault previously. It was later researched and uncovered that it was simply the President and a few individuals from his organization that postponed the movement of the notice messages given by the United Kingdom to H awaii. 5 President

Howard Gardner Biography

Howard Gardner was conceived on July 11, 1943 in Scranton, Pennsylvania. His folks were evacuees from the time of the Nazis, in Germany. As a youngster he cherished music, he later turned into an extraordinary piano player. As a youngster he selected at Harvard University. Gardner began to contemplate different professions yet finished getting enlivened by crafted by Jean Piaget to consider formative psychology.He is hitched to Ellen Winner, a formative therapist who instructs at Boston College, and they have four youngsters together He invested some energy working with two unique kinds of gatherings, typical and skilled kids and mind harmed grown-ups, Gardner started building up a hypothesis intended to incorporate his examination and perceptions. In 1983, he composed Frames of Mindâ which sketched out his hypothesis of numerous insights. Gardner accepted that individuals had numerous various perspectives and learning.He has since distinguished and depicted eight various types of k nowledge which are: Visual-spatial insight Gardner likewise recognizes spatial capacity as one which endures longest into mature age, Linguistic-verbal insight which Gardner assesses the significance of language in thought, and furthermore regarding music , Mathematical knowledge, sensation insight, Musical knowledge in which Gardner researches neurological reason for the melodic capacity, Interpersonal knowledge is identified with the manners by which we comprehend and react to others, Intrapersonal insight is for the most part about our psychological capacity to comprehend ourselves as people and Naturalistic insight has to do with a person's capacity to see designs in nature and to order them. He has additionally accepted that there may have been another conceivable option of a ninth kind which he alludes to as â€Å"existential insight. Gardner’s hypothesis has had one of the best effect in instruction In 1986 he began to instruct at Harvard Graduate School of Education and started his job at Project Zero, which is an examination bunch that concentrations in human comprehension with an uncommon spotlight on expressions of the human experience and was made by the scholar Nelson Goodman with the point of improving learning in the Arts through research But Over this period Project Zero extended from its unique expressions learning base to incorporate investigation into learning over a wide range of things. Howard Gardner's hypothesis of numerous insights has not been acknowledged inside scholarly brain research. Be that as it may, it has met with an emphatically positive reaction from numerous teachers. All things considered, Gardner has been an incredible clinician and his hypothesis has propelled numerous teachers, regardless of whether it hasn’t or has been acknowledged in brain science training.

Security Guard Resume Examples, Template Complete Guide

Security Guard Resume Examples, Template Complete Guide Even though we have a lot of laws and regulations today, there is still a lot of crime and mischief happening all over the world.That itself is a reason enough to wish for a way to protect yourself and your business.Of course, that is a job for a security guard. Most businesses, diplomatic envoys and even some individuals have their own personal guards.From banks, corporations, and diplomats, to famous individuals from the world of show business and more. Since they all need a security guard, this position is in the high demand.That means that the competition is fierce. In order for you to succeed in getting the job of a security guard, not only you need to be reliable and well-qualified, but you need to be different from other applicants, show that you are worthy.Now, that would be easy if you were about to guard some cartel warlord. Just need to beat up a few people, and you would get a job, right?However, when it comes to legal security jobs, things are a bit different.You have to use legally right ways of proving that you are worthy. One of those ways is to have a perfect resume.Why is a perfect resume so important? Well, it helps you stand out and be different than other applicants.Most people tend to write resumes in almost copy-paste fashion and use generic sentences.That makes a lot of resumes pretty the same, which is not a good way to present your own skills and competencies.So, what makes a good resume then? Let’s take a look at some of the core questions each good resume should have answered on.How to make you stand out of the crowd of similar resumes?What are the most important segments of every resume?Should I use custom templates or make my own resume template?What is the best size for a resume?A perfect resume is capable of answering all these questions.Sometimes, it’s not an easy task to do this. You might have a lot of experience and a lot of skills and you simply don’t know where to start.Or, you might not be experienced and can’t wri te extensive resumes because you don’t have much to put in it.Whatever the reason is, you shouldn’t worry. A perfect resume doesn’t need to be several pages long.In fact, a good resume is only one, maximum of two pages in length.That’s why we are here today, to present you our resume format guide and explain all important bits of every resume, bit by bit.However, before we do that, we will present a couple of examples for the best security guard resume. You will see first-hand how it should look and what you should strive to build.Then, we are going to continue with our guide and discuss every part of the resume separately, showing you what information is important and what could be left out in order not to make an oversized resume.Without babbling any further, let’s begin by showing some security guard resume samples.Chief Security Guard Resume Example Right Security Guard Resume Sample Right Create your own resumePERSONAL INFO THAT WILL ENGAGE YOUR RECRUITERYour resume is the first bit of yourself that would come to contact with the company and recruiters. It is in some way the very first presentation of your experience, skills, competencies, and personality.Therefore, what you should do is make it memorable.The first section you need to write is the persona info section.Here, you should put something about yourself. Information like your full name, personal contact information and similar.However, you have to be careful with the way you do it and format you are using. You can look at your resume as on your business card, so it is a good idea to make it look professional in every way, in order to increase a chance of getting called to an interview.There are several important information in this section, so let’s get to it and discuss each of them individually.Full nameJust like meeting someone for the first time, the first step of writing the personal info of your res ume is sharing your name.However, while in real life you could share both your full name and nickname, depending on the situation, it is not a good idea to start with your nickname, when writing a resume.Even though it may seem like sharing a nickname could help you bond with the recruiter and the company, sharing your nickname just does the opposite.Your resume is your business card. In a resume, you want to present yourself in a professional way. And starting with your nickname doesn’t look very professional, right? Let’s see the practical example below.Garry Payton RightGarry 'Beast' Payton WrongAs you can see, the right way of doing this is stating your full name, without adding any nicknames. Also, in academic circles, it is a common practice to state your last name when you meet someone.Even though it is professional in its own way, don’t mix it up with resume level of professionalism. That means you should only stick to sharing your full name.ProfessionNext piece of p ersonal information you should share in your resume is your profession. If you are experienced or have worked somewhere, what you should do is write your previous or even current job position title.That would tell recruiters that you have some level of experience and knowledge about how certain kind of job functions.On the other hand, if you are not experienced, or perhaps you are still finishing your studies or you are a fresh graduate, you could put your highest level of academic education.PhotoSome jobs require that you attach your photo to your resume, or even include it in it.Even though it is usually not required, you should always share your photo, simply because that gesture would make your resume look more professional in the eyes of recruiters.However, not every photo would do. As said, you want to make your resume look professional. And you can’t do that if you post a photo of yourself in a bikini, drinking margaritas.You should dress, nice, business-like and take some nice-looking photos. That means you shouldn’t use some random Instagram photo.However, if you have some photos there on which you look professional, there is no reason not to use one of them.Phone numberOne of the critical contact information you should put in your resume is your phone number. Nowadays, phone calls and emails are the two most important ways to connect in the business world, so you should definitely share it on your resume.Another valid reason would be that some recruiters like to contact job applicants directly, rather than use emails to invite them to an interview.Also, it is known that emails can sometimes get bugged and either put those messages in the spam folder or not deliver them at all.So, because of that, it is a good choice to have some alternate contact information, which could be a great help to recruiters in these cases.AddressWhen it comes to sharing your home address, most companies will not ask you to specifically share that piece of information.Ho wever, there might be some benefits if you do.Firstly, if you are applying for a job in a big company, with multiple offices across the city or even country, you might benefit if you share your living address because recruiters might offer you a position that is closer to your home.Also, if you live too far from an office, or place of work, companies usually offer organized transport or they even pay for your transportation.Therefore, it can be very useful to put your address in your resume.E-Mail AddressAs said above, emails are the most used means of communication between recruiters and job applicants, as well between employees and their bosses, apart from phone calls.Therefore, you can consider sharing email address on your resume not as optional, but as required.However, make sure that you create a separate email that you will only use for business purposes because even your email has to look professional.garrypayton@gmail.com Rightgarrythebeast@gmail.com WrongAs seen above, t he best way to structure your email is to use your full name.However, if your full name is too long, you can simply shorten it, but still making sure it looks professional.So, in short, you shouldn’t use any funny names, nicknames and randomly-structured emails because they don’t look professional, which could lessen your chance of getting called to an interview.As for using certain email providers, make sure to use the most known ones, such as Gmail, Hotmail or Yahoo Mail.Everyone knows them and they are the most trusted email providers, so you can be sure that your data will be safe.Social MediaNowadays every-day life without social media could hardly be imagined. Not only social media networks helped connect people from all around the world, but they also allowed business to evolve and change the ways to approach their customers.They can now use social media marketing, which is a part of digital marketing, to create valid marketing strategies and generate new customers, while also trying to keep the existing customers on their side.Because of that, a lot of people are conflicted whether to put their social media profiles in their resumes or not. For some jobs, like for instance, social media marketing manager, it is probably a good idea to share your social media profiles of networks that are important for the job position you are applying for.However, before you do that, it is a good idea to customize those profiles and make them look a bit more professional, without some stupid photos and non-professional behavior.That would prove you are prepared to be serious about the job and could increase your chances of getting that job.The most important social media profile, which should always be in your resume is your LinkedIn profile.LinkedIn is a social media network for business people, where they can connect to each other and companies.A lot of people got their jobs directly from LinkedIn.As with any other social media profile, make sure to customize you r LinkedIn profile to look more professional. Also, before posting a link on your resume, edit it to look a bit nicer, like shown in the example below.https://www.linkedin.com/in/garry-payton Righthttps://www.linkedin.com/in/garry-payton-5x123456 WrongRECRUITERS CAN’T SAY NO TO YOUR SUMMARY SECTION â€" THE BEST WAY TO WRITE THE SECURITY GUARD SUMMARYSometimes, resumes can contain a lot of important information, even though the optimal size is from one to two pages. In that case, readers can have a bit more difficult time to notice and remember the most important information.Therefore, it is a good idea to write a short summary section, where you would put the most important information about everything that is written in the resume, like for instance, your experience, qualifications, and certain accomplishments.One thing you shouldn’t forget here is that your resume can’t be too big, so you will need to keep this section short enough. In most cases, you should only write sev eral shorter sentences, stating your previous jobs, important tasks you had done, the skills you have and similar.Also, always start with your current title, as shown in the example.SummaryChief Security Guard with over 5 years of experience in the private security sector. Good leadership skills. Was in charge of a team of security guards in MillenniuM Protection Services, that was tasked with securing multiple objects, events, and individuals across Florida. Has excellent knowledge of all basic and advanced security systems and is familiar with most of electronic security systems for both companies and individual buildings, like houses. RightSummaryChief Security Guard with over 5 years of experience. WrongSo, why is this so important? If you look at the table above, you will see the comparison between the two summaries.The one on the right is pretty shallow and you could say that there are a lot of people who can be put in the same boat. Summary on the left is pretty detailed.It tells the recruiters something about the applicant and allows them to envision a picture of a person, which makes it easier for them to decide whether they want to invite that person to an interview or not.If you are a student or a fresh graduate, fear not! You can put your academic accomplishments and perhaps some volunteering practices you had while you were in school.PROPER WAY TO WRITE THE EXPERIENCE SECTION OF A SECURITY GUARD RESUMEAfter you have written the summary section, it is time to start presenting the detailed version of your resume by writing the experience section.This should be done by using the rule of the reverse-chronological order, meaning that you would first write your most recent jobs and finish with your first job or internship, in case you had started as an intern in some firm.Also, it is a good idea to write a couple of points for each job, describing what you did and accomplished on that job. That would give more insight into what you are capable of doin g. Let’s take a look at a practical example. Right WrongEDUCATION MATTERS SO LEARN HOW TO WRITE IT AS A PROAfter you are done with the experience section, you should start working on writing the education section. The principle is completely the same. First, you should add your highest education, and finish with lower tiers.If you are experienced and have a large experience section, then it would be a good idea to shorten the education section, by only including your highest education, for instance, Master of something on University X.Along with that, you should write something about your academic activities as well.There you can put certain achievements, grades or activities that you may have done. It should all look like in the example below. Right WrongWHAT GOES INTO THE SKILLS SECTION OF A SECURITY GUARD RESUMELast, but not least, in order for your resume to be fully done, you need to write something about your skills.A lot of people make same mistake and write all skills they have.However, it’s not a good idea to do so, since different jobs require different sets of skills. Some skills may be useful for one job, but completely useless for another.Therefore, you should do research and see what skills are needed for the job you want to apply for.If you have some of those skills, you should put them. Here are some examples of the best skills to include in the resume of a security guard. Right WrongAnother good idea is to use bulleting lists and separate your skills into categories like shown in the example above. That would make it easier for recruiters to read and compare the skills you have with the skills their job position requires applicants to have.TIPS TRICKS TO HELP YOU GET THAT JOB!That would be all about the general guide folks! We learned how to write each individual part of the resume and what information to share.Let’s go a step further and give you some tips and tricks that might prove useful to you if you decide to write your own resume and apply for a job.Picking a suitable font size and style â€" when it comes to choosing the best fonts for your resume, you should consider several factors. The most important is to pick some of the non-hand-written styles since they are a bit harder too read. When it comes to selecting the best font, there are none. We will leave it up to your preference since it is very important that the style you choose reflects yo ur personality and help recruiters understand what kind of person you are.The proper resume size â€" next important thing to note is to choose the best size for your resume. A very common mistake a lot of people make is that they write too long resumes because they think “bigger the resume, higher the chances are”. However, that is not the case. Every resume should be around one, or maximum two pages in length. Like the name itself says, it’s “a resume” of your current and past life and career, not a full biography. So, you should keep it short enough, while having all the most important information inside. To ensure that happens, you should avoid putting some irrelevant information and focus on things that matter.Use bulleted lists â€" one very good way to reduce the number of irrelevant things in your resume is to use bulleted lists. By doing this you can make sure everything that is important is actually in your resume. Also, bulleted lists are much easier to read, so y ou would also help recruiters by making as many bulleted lists as possible. In general, this would make your resume look more professional and neat, without having to add a lot of fluffy content.Picking the good file format â€" a lot of people don’t pay attention to this, but the file format of your resume is actually very important. Some recruiters are very picky when it comes to little details like this, so you should take this into the account as well. Two most common file formats for resumes are .pdf and .txt file formats. They both have advantages and disadvantages. First one looks neater and more professional, while .txt is easier to edit. Therefore, it is a good idea to keep your resume in both formats. Use .pdf when you need to apply for jobs and print it. On the other hand, you can use your resume in .txt format when you need to customize and add some new information. After you finish editing it, you can simply convert your resume to .pdf file, making it ready to be sent when the opportunity arises.Picking the proper template for your resume â€" there are a lot of websites that offer custom resume templates. The main thing to consider here is to make each template fit your personality and the job position you are applying for. Therefore, the best possible way to choose your template is to create one by yourself. However, sometimes people don’t have enough time to do that, in which case you could try using our resume template builder to make your resume in several minutes, simply by filling in the necessary information.Writing lies in your resume â€" somehow it’s a common practice that people lie about their skills and accomplishments in their resumes, so they would get the job. However, even if you get the job, the truth will eventually come out and you would either have to speed learn everything or you would get fired. So, it is never a good idea to write lies in your resume. Be honest, write the skills you truly have and people will value for it.Check emails regularly â€" one pro-tip when it comes to job applications is that you should check your emails regularly, in order to see the reply from the recruiters and companies. We all know that sometimes emails can be a bit buggy, so it happens that very important emails end up in spam folder or even never show up, so it is a good idea for you to always check if you have a new email. Don’t forget the spam folder as well!Read your resume again after you write it â€" after you finish your resume, it is a good idea to check if you might have missed something important. The best way to do this is to read your resume again and pretend to think like recruiters. That way, you will know what you are searching for and see if there is anything that you had missed while you were writing the resume for the first time. By doing this, you will completely polish your resume and make it look perfect in the eyes of the reader.Putting political activities and opinions in your resume â€" you might think that sharing your political opinions and activities could be relevant enough to put it in your resume, but you would be mistaken. Yes, yes, it might’ve been a good idea in the age of communism, but those days are long gone and people can’t afford to risk whether the recruiters are in the same party as them or whether they have the same political opinions or not. Therefore, the best thing you could do is simply ignore to mention any kind of political topics in your resume.Use of correct grammar â€" one of the crucial points here is that you should ALWAYS use proper grammar when writing your resume. Having grammar mistakes looks very unprofessional and would make your resume look too sloppy. And to be fair, there is no recruiter that likes seeing a sloppy resume with a lot of grammar mistakes and typos. So, to avoid that, make sure to use some common grammar rules for resumes and make your resume perfect.Editing your resume â€" it is normal that people learn new thing s and gain more experience over time. If you want to always be ready to apply for a certain job, you should keep your resume up to date with the most important changes in your business life and career advancement path. So, whenever you learn something new and important, make sure to edit your resume and update it with the most important information.CONCLUSIONNow that we have finished with both general guide and some useful tips and tricks that could help you write your own resume, what remains is for you to step up and try making your own resume in order to get that amazing job you want.To be honest, why should you use all kinds of resume writing services, when you can simply use everything we have talked about so far and try making your own resume.If that fails and you feel over-burdened, you can always use our resume template builder to make your resume in just a couple of minutes. Create your own resume

The Sociological Paradigm Of Drugs And Drug Use - 1396 Words

Societies define both the meanings of drugs and drug experience, with the definitions differing radically among different societies as well as subcultures and subgroups within the same society. Social groups and cultures define what kind of drug taking is appropriate, for example, alcohol use might be seen as appropriate among one group and inappropriate among other groups, such as among women and men. They also define which drugs are acceptable and which are not. Society also spell out the social situations that are approved for drug use and which are not. The definition of the reasons people take drugs or engage in such behaviors can be summed using the sociological paradigms, structure functionalist, conflict, and symbolic†¦show more content†¦These include junkies, drug dealers, con artists, and violent sociopath. From the beginning, the director depicts Renton as a person who realizes he should be choosing good health, life, and career. Renton makes various unsuccessful attempts to stop substance abuse and cope thus ultimately being able to recover. As a result, he suffers from addiction as well as withdrawal symptoms throughout the movie and thus needs nursing interventions particularly focused on his symptoms in order to recover fully. The sociologist s view of drugs and drug use according to the movie recognizes that there are variable interpretations of similar drug-related situations and drug realities regarding the structure and strain theory as well as the status model. It also stresses that the drug experience and drug effects will differ as diverse meanings are brought into the drug-taking situation. Renton engages in the first experience, which he sees as pleasurable and escalates into recurrence over time until he was labelled a drug user. As posited by the symbolic interactionist paradigm, the label of a drug user is internalized thus making the behavior to escalate amongst Renton and his peers. Therefore, Renton and his friends learn techniques and motivations of the drug use through group interactions. While coping with drug use, Renton tries severally to quit heroin,Show MoreRelatedSociological Imagination1059 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout this essay the sociological imagination is used to analyse the historical, cultural and structural reasons for drug use and abuse. Within this parameter the sociological imagination is applied, using studies research conducted in the United Kingdom, Australia, Russia and the United States. The sociological imagination was defined by Charles Write Mills as a ‘quality of mind’. (Mills quoted by Germov, Poole 2007: 4 ) It is stimulated by an awareness to view the social world by looking atRead MoreAssess sociological explanations of science and ideology as belief systems 1003 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Assess sociological explanations of science and ideology as belief systems (33 marks) A belief system is a set of ideas that a person uses to make sense of the world around us. Science can be defined as a way of looking at the natural world, which is systematic, objective and capable of generating universal laws. Ideology is a systematic set of beliefs, which serve the interests of a social group in society. It is often associated with the ‘power’ and the ability of those at the top of the societyRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder Essay1599 Words   |  7 PagesRiley is a 16- year- old girl, who has grown up living in residential group care since the age of 6. Her mother passed away due to drug overdose when Riley was only 10. 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Those who apply the sociological perspective are to practice a beginners mind: to rescindRead MoreResearch Outline, Annotated Bibliography, and Sample Survey: Women in Prisons1365 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion and Justification On average, women make up about 7 percent of the total federal and state incarcerated population in the United States. This has increased since the 1980s due to stricter and more severe laws that focus on recreational drug use, a lack of community programs, and fewer treatment centers available for outpatients (Zaitow and Thomas, eds., 2003). 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This has increased since the 1980s due to stricter and more severe laws that focus on recreational drug use, a lack of community programs, and fewer treatment centers available for outpatients (Zaitow and Thomas, eds., 2003). According to the National Womens Law Centers, women prisoners report a higher than statistically normal history of domestic violence

Sexuality And The American Psychological Association

Long go the days of prude and proprietary notions of sexuality, in comes an era of more excepting generation that has accepted (for the majority) all of the twists and turns of sexuality and all of its counterparts. This generation during its liberation has been incarcerated by its own doing, instead of these people being seen as freed, they shamed and sexualized. Hyper-sexualization is defined by the American Psychological Association as â€Å"occurring when a person’s value comes only from his or her sexual appeal or behavior to the exclusion of other characteristics† (Jones). By this definition all qualities of a person is negated by their sex appeal. Then how can people hypersexualize children and youth? Aren’t they innately innocent? In†¦show more content†¦In America, the battle of hypersexualization is being wage, there are two main opposing groups and many extreme factions that are divided on the subject on of hypersexualization of youth, specifically girls. One side makes the claim that â€Å" we [have] no responsibility as a culture of the portrayal of girls as boy’s playing from and increasingly young age, and do we really believe that the growing degradation of women has no consequence† (Boteach). The other simply states â€Å"Children are not sexual. Exposed skin is not sexual. Children with exposed skin are not sexual† (Pickles). These two opposers generally agree in extreme cases of hypersexualization, where it can be detrimental to the child’s well-being. For example, child beauty pageants and how drastically it can sexualize a child. This sexualization will lead to mental health issues; eating disorder, unhealthy sexual development, and depression (Jones). For the smaller and more bine actions is where they clash. The daily routines of American youth, what they wear, act, speak, and show. Shmuley Boteach wrote an article addressing how Victoria’s Secret is targeting young girls with their PINK line. With words of â€Å"call me† and â€Å"I dare you† written on their underwear (Boteach).

Sports Event in School Free Essays

Sport events in our school Sports are very important in everyone’s life as they give pleasure, health, discipline, happiness, self-control and sporting spirit. Sports can learn students’ physical co-ordination and social lessons about winning and losing. There is a well-known proverb â€Å"All works and no play make Jack a dull boy†. We will write a custom essay sample on Sports Event in School or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is full of wisdom. After the day’s work in class, students need some healthy recreation to refresh their minds. Education without sports is really incomplete. So, sports are important in every school for clever and healthy students. They are several kinds of sports some are outdoor and some are indoor. In our school, the schoolboys play football, volleyball, basketball, table -tennis, chess, and so on. The school playground is no less important than the school lessons. It is on the playground that we learn to face defeat with a smiling face. So, the school playground helps the students to fight the battle of life like brave soldiers and heroes. Our school has two playgrounds to play football and two for playing basketball. There will be tournaments to play football in every Grade from Grade-4 to Grade-11. There is an each team in every section and so if there are six sections in Grade-9, there will be six teams and a tournament is held until there are two teams to pay the final match. All schoolboys look active and alert with their team track-suit. There are also tournaments to play each sport. Teachers in charge will take care of their pupils in playground during tournament. They give them fresh limes and purified drinking water. The red-cross schoolboys and teachers are ready to help the injured players. The Headmaster will give the prize to the winners and the champion team who gets the first prize will take a group photograph. In January, there are interschool sports competitions that include track and field sports such as running, jumping and throwing events. The running events are sprints, middle distance races, long distance races, hurdle and relay races. The jumping events are high jump and pole vault. The throwing events are short put, discus and javelin. Team sports can be played by two teams. A team has been organized with some players. They must have team-spirit and they fight the rival team collectively. Thus team sports make one less selfish. They know the value of team work and playing together makes them friendlier. A player must have stamina and be patient. He must not easily down-hearted. If the players of one team become excited, they may lose their chance. The carelessness of one may make the team defeated. So, players are inspired team-spirit by playing team sports. A true sportsman never thinks of winning the sports by hook or by crook. He never wins victory by foul play and we know that â€Å"Honesty is the best policy†. So team sports are essential to health, happiness, progress and unity. We gain a lot of benefits from playing sport events and students should take part in these sport events. How to cite Sports Event in School, Essay examples

Business - Society & Planet for Sustainability and Stakeholder

Question: Discuss about theBusiness, Society Planet for Sustainability and Stakeholder. Answer: Sustainability has been an important objective of the businesses in the past decade and the core principle of the organisations is to achieve the sustainability in the long run of the business. In this reflective essay, the concepts of sustainable business including the issues, approaches and challenges have been discussed. Sustainable business can be defined as the organisation that creates a minimum negative impact on the local or global environment and the sustainable businesses are progressive in human rights and environmental aspects. John Elkington during the time of the 1990s created a new framework to monitor the performance of the organisation regarding sustainability in America. This measure went beyond the traditional framework of the organisation and it just did not measure the profit, shareholders' values and return on investment; it also included the social and environmental dimensions. As stated by Elkington (2013), the triple bottom line is the idea that fetches to broaden the aim on the financial bottom line by the organisations to include the environmental and social responsibilities. Therefore, the triple bottom line of the organisation measures the economic value, social responsibility and environmental impact of the organisations. I did not have an idea about triple bottom line; I only knew the organisation's bottom line was only the income statement or the net income. Today's organisations do not run only for financial profit but the betterment of people's lives and to help the environment. The re sponsibilities of the organisations encompass not only to profit; but also people and planet to make them sustainable (Caroll Buchholtz, 2014). I was reading the framework published in the International Reporting Council, where the article focused on the capital needs of the organisations. Financial capital is about understanding the implication of the regulatory changes that provide the traditional strengths of finance (Williard, 2012). Manufactured capital is about the decision-making of the financial analysis as the manufactured capital can lead to the success of the organisation. I believe that manufactured assets are the physical distribution of the services, networks and distribution networks. These goods and services should be delivered to the customers on time to utilise the manufactured capital. Intellectual capitals are the intangible assets like patents, trademarks and brand equity of the organisation (De Visscher, 2016). Human capital is the human resources that do the intellectual work of the organisation along with the technologies. I personally think that the organisations spend on training, on-boarding and re duce the employee turnover so that the human capital can be used to increase the efficiency of the intellectual capital. In addition, social and relational capitals are the social networking media like LinkedIn, Facebook and Twitter that help the organisation to make relations with the customers and the external stakeholders. Finally, natural capital of the organisation is the raw materials that are used by the organisation like oil and gas, mining and other assets of the organisations. According to me, the organisations need to use these six capitals in order to improve the community and to go towards sustainability. According to Dunphy, Griffiths Benn (2006), there are six phases in the sustainability. The first phase is about rejection and it involves with the attitude on the part of the managers that the resources of the organisation like community, employees and environment all should be used for the immediate economic gain of the organisations. The second phase is about non-responsiveness and it comes from the lack of awareness of the organisation rather than to the active opposition of the corporate ethics (Benn, Edwards Williams, 2014). In this phase, the organisations can ignore the sustainability and continue the business as usual form. In addition, compliance mainly focuses on the reducing the risks for failing to achieve the minimum standards of the producer or the employer. The organisations might change it to the growing legal requirements. In this stage, I think, the organisation's strategies might relate to the human sustainability that aims to legal compliance. The organisation can expect the employees' loyalty in terms of compliance. Moreover, efficiency reflects an increasing awareness of the managers and the organisations regarding the corporate social responsibilities gained through the proactively maintaining the sustainability practices. In this stage, the organisation can try to reduce the costs of the operational efficiency. The next phase is the strategic proactivity and it develops when the sustainable practices can seize the opportunities. An example of the strategic proactive can be the positioning of an organisation as the leader. In this regard, I can take the name of BP (British Petroleum) as they named it as a global leader in sustainability while they are doing the business in non-renewable resource-based products. Therefore, BP has adopted the strategic approach of sustainable practices of the business. Lastly, sustaining corporation concept reflects the internationalisation of the sustainability and the organisations can promote the deve loping the society that would support the planet as well as the people. As stated by (Beattie Smith, 2013), the organisations can contribute the democratic and equitable social practices. Fuji Xerox is a joint venture company and it moved from selling to leasing the office equipment. This organisation takes the used goods; they process their component and rebuild the machines. Therefore, most of the parts are recycled and zero waste. This feature of the business provides us with the example of doing the business that rebuilds the products with enhanced quality and reliability. In addition, I can provide another example of the eco-friendly supply chain of Ford Motor Company that has been using the fewer vehicles that pollute the atmosphere and it has been trying to make vehicles those would take less non-renewable fuels. Therefore, the companies are trying to be more focused on the environment to provide less carbon footprint. Movement of the organisations towards sustainability mainly depends on the organisational culture to gain the sustainability. My future aim is to a leader of a multinational organisation, I would try to bring the major transformation of organisation assumption and practices related to the sustainability. I believe science and technologies both are vital for the successful planning of the business and the organisation can implement the technologies that will depend mostly on people. Reference List Beattie, V., Smith, S. J. (2013). Value creation and business models: refocusing the intellectual capital debate.The British Accounting Review,45(4), 243-254. Benn, S., Edwards, M., Williams, T. (2014).Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Abingdon: Routledge. Carroll, A. Buchholtz, A., (2014).Business and Society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. London: Nelson Education. De Visscher, F. M. (2016).Financing Transitions: Managing capital and liquidity in the family business. Berlin: Springer. Dunphy, D., Benn, S. Griffiths, A. (2006). Enabling change for corporate sustainability: An integrated perspective.Australasian Journal of Environmental Management,13(3), 156-165. Elkington, J. (2013). Enter the triple bottom line. InThe triple bottom line(pp. 23-38). Abingdon: Routledge. Willard, B. (2012).The new sustainability advantage: seven business case benefits of a triple bottom line. London: New Society Publishers.

Th planets Essay Example For Students

Th planets Essay The Planets and the Solar System Planets 2 A planet is a celestial body that revolves around acentral star and does not shine by its own light (Grolier,1992). The only planetary system that is known to man is oursolar system. It is made up of nine planets which range in sizeand make-up. The nine major planets in our solar system areMercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune andPluto. There are also many other minor planets which are also inour solar system, but they are unimportant compared to the ninemajor planets. In this paper I will discuss the planets and howMercury which is the planet that is closest to the sun isthe first planet I will discuss. Mercury is the smallest of theinner planets. It is speculated that the heat from the sun madeit impossible for the gases present to become part of theplanetary formation. The surface of Mercury is extremely hot. It is approximately 470 degrees celsius on the surface and isthought to be even hotter at the two hot spo ts. These hotspots are on opposite ends of the equator. It is the heat ofthe surface that makes it impossible for Mercury to have any typeMercury orbits the sun once every 88 days and has a truerotation period of 58.6 days. It is the closest planet to thesun and therefore orbits faster than any other planet (Thompson/Turk, 542, 1993). It is said that Mercury rotatesthree times for every two trips around the sun, so that during Planets 3every alternate perihelon passage the same face points directlyat the sun. Geologically, the most remarkable features ofMercury are compressional cliffs or faults, just the sort ofwrinkles that might form in the crust if the interior of theplanet shrank slightly (Morrison, 74, 1993). It is speculatedthat it was the solidification of Mercurys metallic core thatcaused this global shrinkage. Mercury is also . . . enrichedin metal or depleted of rock (Morrison, 74, 1993). It is alsobelieved that some of the inner core of Mercury is still in aScien tists also believe that Mercurys surface is made partiallyof silicate rock. The best way to describe Mercury is, . . . We will write a custom essay on Th planets specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now small, heavily cratered and airless (Morrison, 71, 1993). Venus is the second closest planet to the sun and is said to . . . most closely resemble Earth in size, density, anddistance from the sun (Thompson/Turk, 542, 1993). Venus isknown to most scientists as the sister planet to the Earth. Itis called this because it closely resembles the Earths mass,density and diameter. The only thing different is that Venus is shrouded in thick clouds that completely hide the surface ofthe planet (Grolier, 1992). The surface temperature is alsoVenus completes one revolution around the sun in 224.7 days. This makes the Venusian day equal to 117 earth days. It isthought that this slow rotation may be the reason why Venus has Planets 4The atmosphere of Venus made up of 98% carbon dioxide and 2% Nitrogen. This atmosphere also has the presence of helium,neon and argon. This is yet another thing which makes VenusThe surface of Venus is quite a bit like that of the Earth. The surface has volcanoes and smooth plains. Much of thevolcanic activity on Venus ta kes the form of Basaltic eruptionsthat inundate large ares, much as the mare volcanism flooded theimpacted basins on the near side of the moon (Morrison, 93,1993). One thing that differs from Earth is that there is nowater liquid on the Venusian surface. .u538f56e787529b57f0521eb25951ae88 , .u538f56e787529b57f0521eb25951ae88 .postImageUrl , .u538f56e787529b57f0521eb25951ae88 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u538f56e787529b57f0521eb25951ae88 , .u538f56e787529b57f0521eb25951ae88:hover , .u538f56e787529b57f0521eb25951ae88:visited , .u538f56e787529b57f0521eb25951ae88:active { border:0!important; } .u538f56e787529b57f0521eb25951ae88 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u538f56e787529b57f0521eb25951ae88 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u538f56e787529b57f0521eb25951ae88:active , .u538f56e787529b57f0521eb25951ae88:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u538f56e787529b57f0521eb25951ae88 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u538f56e787529b57f0521eb25951ae88 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u538f56e787529b57f0521eb25951ae88 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u538f56e787529b57f0521eb25951ae88 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u538f56e787529b57f0521eb25951ae88:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u538f56e787529b57f0521eb25951ae88 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u538f56e787529b57f0521eb25951ae88 .u538f56e787529b57f0521eb25951ae88-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u538f56e787529b57f0521eb25951ae88:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Frankenstein and Blade Runner EssaySome of the scientific data that follows was taken out ofCattermoles book. The mean distance from the sun is 108.20 Km. The equatorial diameter is 12,012 Km and the equatorial rotationis 243 days. Finally the mass of Venus is 4.87*10^24(Cattermole, 63, 1993). Venus, although different than Earth, isMars is the fourth furthest away from the sun and isrecognized by its reddish color. Mars is also very much like theEarth. More than any other planet in the solar system, Marshas characteristics that make it an Earth-like world (Grolier,One thing that is very similar to Earth is the rotationperiod. Mars rotation period is only thirty seven min utes longerthan the Earths. This would explain why Mars has significantseasonal changes just as Earth does. It is believed that the Planets 5difference between winter and summer on Mars is even greater thanMars is extremely hard to understand due to the effect ofblurring that is caused by the two atmospheres of Mars. Scientists do know, however, that Mars is relatively small andthat changes take place in the surface features when the seasonschange. It is also known that dust storms are prevalent andleaves the surface of Mars covered by a red haze. Mars has a very thin atmosphere which is composed of carbondioxide, nitrogen, argon, water vapor and oxygen. Mars also hasno magnetic field. Because the atmosphere of mars is so thin,wind velocities up to several hundred Km per hour are required toraise the dust particles during a dust storm, and these fast-moving particles erode structures with a sand-blasting effect (Grolier, 1992). Therefore, the surface is basically plain-likeand covered with large craters. There are also some areas wherethe rock is jumbled. The poles of Mars are iced over and thetemperature is about 160 170 degrees K. Mars also has itsshare of volcanoes. Most of these volcanoes are shieldvolcanoes. The surface is littered with winding channels thatresemble river channels that have dried up over time. Scientistsbelieve that water once existed and caused the formation of thesechannels. It is said that, Mars remains the best candidate forlife in the solar system outside of the Earth, and that is whatmakes Mars so interesting to scientists. Jupiter is the fifth planet and is the most massive of all Planets 6the planets in this solar system. Its mass represents morethan two-thirds of the total mass of all the planets, or 318times the mass of the Earth. Jupiters density is quite low atThe atmosphere of Jupiter contains water, ammonia, methaneand carbon. It is thought by scientists that there are threecloud layers. The wind activity on Jupiter is quite fierce andmoves in jet streams parallel to the equator. The weather onJupiter is still very hard for scientists to understand. Thereis not enough information to truly understand how the weather isJupiter is most known by the normal citizen by the rings ithas. These rings are very diffuse. The ring particles mustgenerally be about as big as the wavelength of light, that is,only a few microns (Grolier, 1992). That is why these ringsare faint or diffuse. The rings are what Jupiter is known for. Saturn is a planet which is also known for its rings andwhen viewed has a yellow or grayish color. The color is from thegaseous atmosphere and the dust particles in that atmosphere. The atmosphere is mostly a clear hydrogen-helium atmosphere. There are also traces of methane, phosphine, ethane, andacetylene. This atmosphere is much different than that of theSaturn orbits the sun with a period of 29.4577 tropicalyears. It is 1.427 billion Km away from the sun and is thereforea cold planet. It has an equatorial diameter of 120,660 Km which Planets 7makes it the second largest planet in our solar system. The next planet is Uranus. The main problem scientists havewith Uranus is that, the lack of visible surface features meansthat it is difficult to measure the rotation period of Uranus(Hunt/Moore, 388, 1983). Uranus has an equatorial diameter of51,000 Km which is almost four times as much as Earth. Theatmosphere is mostly methane gas and therefore the planet has ared tint or a blueish gr een color. Uranus also has rings butunlike Saturn these rings have almost no small particles. Scientists are not as concerned with this planet. .u13180609ab444aa063666e60b4bc4e9d , .u13180609ab444aa063666e60b4bc4e9d .postImageUrl , .u13180609ab444aa063666e60b4bc4e9d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u13180609ab444aa063666e60b4bc4e9d , .u13180609ab444aa063666e60b4bc4e9d:hover , .u13180609ab444aa063666e60b4bc4e9d:visited , .u13180609ab444aa063666e60b4bc4e9d:active { border:0!important; } .u13180609ab444aa063666e60b4bc4e9d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u13180609ab444aa063666e60b4bc4e9d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u13180609ab444aa063666e60b4bc4e9d:active , .u13180609ab444aa063666e60b4bc4e9d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u13180609ab444aa063666e60b4bc4e9d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u13180609ab444aa063666e60b4bc4e9d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u13180609ab444aa063666e60b4bc4e9d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u13180609ab444aa063666e60b4bc4e9d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u13180609ab444aa063666e60b4bc4e9d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u13180609ab444aa063666e60b4bc4e9d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u13180609ab444aa063666e60b4bc4e9d .u13180609ab444aa063666e60b4bc4e9d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u13180609ab444aa063666e60b4bc4e9d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In feminist writing EssayNeptune is the last of the gaseous planets in our solarsystem. Its atmosphere is much like Uranuss because it ismostly helium and hydrogen. It also contains methane. Neptunehas a diameter of 49,500 Km and a mass 17.22 times that of theEarth. It has an average density of 1.67 /cm^3 (Grolier, 1992). Neptune also has rings like its other gaseous partners, but theyare very faint. Not a great deal is known about Neptune. It iswidely studied by scientists and that makes it an importantThe final planet, which is also the smallest, and thefurthest away from the sun is Pluto. This planet is very hard tosee therefore not a lot is known about its physicalcharacteristics. Scientists do know that it has a thin methaneatmosphere. Little is known about this planet because it is sofar away from the Earth and the sun. Scientists are alwayslearning new things and more data will arise in the future. Planets 8As one can see the planets of most importance are the onesclosest to the sun and Earth. Little is known about the far offplanets therefore it is hard to give them full recognition. Muchis known about Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. The other three planets are not as well known as these six are. Whether more planetary systems exist doesnt really matter. There are still plenty of things we dont understand about ourown solar system. Scientists will have their work cut out forthem in the future. Each and every planet has distinctdifferences and that helps show us how truly great God is. Theplanets will never fully be understood and will always be a greatBibliography:Planets 9Works SitedCattermole, P. (1995). Earth and Other Planets. New York: Oxford University Press. Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc. (1992). Hunt, G. Moore, P. (1983). Atlas of the Solar System. Chicago: Rand Mc Nally Company. Morrison, D. (1993). Exploring Planetary Worlds. NewYork: Scientific American Library. Thompson, G. Turk, J. (1993). Earth Science and theEnvironment. New York: Saunders College Publishing HarcourtBrace College Publishers.

The Writ of Habeas Corpus essays

The Writ of Habeas Corpus essays Habeas Corpus is a legal action which is sometimes called a writ and it says a person under arrest is to be brought before a judge to make sure that there is enough evidence to hold the person. If there isnt enough evidence then the prisoner must be released. Any prisoner or a legal person representing the prisoner can request Habeas Corpus. Habeas Corpus does have some limits. It is a guarantee against wrongly holding a prisoner but doesnt exactly protect a persons rights. The right to petition for the legal action has long been celebrated as the best safeguard of the liberty of a person. The writ of habeas corpus was issued by the English courts in the name of the monarch to control inferior courts and public authorities. rather than issuing the writ immediately and waiting for the return of the writ by the custodian, modern practice in England is for the original application to be followed by a hearing with both parties present to decide the legality of the detention, without a ny writ being issued. If the detention is held to be unlawful, the prisoner can usually then be released. On September 11, the United States was changed we became more determined than ever to defend our country. As a result of the tragedy of so many lives lost on September 11 President Bush signed on November 13, 2001 an order establishing the governments right to use military tribunals to try accused terrorist. In 2002, the United States military began bringing prisoners they thought were terrorist to the United States military base in Guantanamo Bay Cuba. The Bush Administration said that the detainees were enemy combatants not prisoners of war. By doing so he bypassed the constitution and the Geneva Convention. Both of those would have served as a protection for the detainees to make sure they were handled properly. President Bush signed an order on November 13, 2001 establishing the government right to use milit...

Outsourcing and off-shoring Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Outsourcing and off-shoring - Research Paper Example Jones (2005) has put forward the finding that outsourcing along with immigration can serve the purpose of raising the domestic wage rate of the home nation. However, there are ambiguous and contradictory implications of the impacts of outsourcing activities on the labor market of the home country. This was suggested by Eggar and Eggar (2005) (Yabuuchi, 2011, p.706). In this context outsourcing has been considered to be detrimental to domestic labor in terms of wages and jobs even though it can have beneficial impacts on the economy on the whole. Kohler (2001) has come up with an alternative perspective of the international fragmentation which is based on the specific factors model. He has shown that outsourcing can have a welfare loss on the economy. Recently research conducted by Batra and Beladi (2010), tried to explore the impactions of outsourcing on factor prices with the help of the two sector specific factor model along with intermediate outsourced inputs. Their finding was th at outsourcing can have negative implication on the domestic market; however, it benefits the capital of the country. However it can have positive impacts of the domestic labor in case there is completely no production of the outsourced work or activity in the home country. However, the studies assume that there is full employment in the economy (Yabuuchi, 2011, p.706). Problems of OutsourcingDespite the numerous advantages associated with outsourcing in developed countries, certain problems have also been noted.... Kohler (2001) has come up with an alternative perspective of the international fragmentation which is based on the specific factors model. He has shown that outsourcing can have a welfare loss on the economy. Recently research conducted by Batra and Beladi (2010), tried to explore the impactions of outsourcing on factor prices with the help of the two sector specific factor model along with intermediate outsourced inputs. Their finding was that outsourcing can have negative implication on the domestic market; however, it benefits the capital of the country. However it can have positive impacts of the domestic labor in case there is completely no production of the outsourced work or activity in the home country. However, the studies assume that there is full employment in the economy (Yabuuchi, 2011, p.706). Problems of Outsourcing Despite the numerous advantages associated with outsourcing in developed countries, certain problems have also been noted. For example, researchers have id entified problems related with outsourcing India which is considered to be one of the most preferred countries across the world for outsourcing. Companies making great investments in India have now been pulling back their investments. This is because of the dramatic escalating wage structure in the country. The attrition rates in the software firms in India averages around 50% per year. The larger American firms which had established their presence in India had been immune to this attrition for quite some time which now has changed. The smaller firms have been experiencing attrition rates of 100% in a year. Thus the focus has now been shifting towards Eastern and Central Europe

M_nt_l Dsord_r Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

M_nt_l Dsord_r - Essay Example MENTAL DISORDER MÐ µntÐ °l DÃ'â€"sordÐ µr Willie Dweh MD-908-1055076 THE WARWICK UNIVERSITY Submitted in fulfilment of the assessment requirement for the Postgraduate award in philosophy, Psychopathology & Ethics of Mental Health. Word count: 7000 WARWICK MEDICAL SCHOOL TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....4 Uses of Mental Health Classifications†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....6 Epistemological States of mental Health Classifications†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.6 ICD-10 System of Classification of Mental Disorders†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.11 Main Principles and Concepts for Classification of Mental Disorders†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..12 Unit of Classification: Definition of Mental Disorder†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 Threshold for Illness†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 Four Features of Mental Disorder†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..15 Clinical Significance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....17 Classification by Syndrome Similarity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.18 Theoretical Approach†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦19 Classification Approach: Mind, Brain, or Context†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....20 International Use: Need for Universalism and Diversity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...21 Etic versus Emic Approaches†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦21 Categorical and Dimensional Models†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..31 The concept of Comorbidity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦23 Future of Mental Health Classifications†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.........†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..23 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.26 Abstract Mental disorder or mental sickness is Ð ° psychological or bÐ µhÐ °vÃ'â€"orÐ °l manifestation usually associated with personal Ð °nguÃ'â€"sh or a dÃ'â€"sÐ °bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"ty that happens on a one by one basis and is not a result typical de velopmental growth nor is it a result of culture or societal influence. Medical acceptance and comprehension of mental instability has developed in the last 200 years. The discrepancies in methodology of diagnosis, evaluation and classification still exist even though benchmark crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð ° are broadly Ð °ccÐ µptÐ µd. [A couple of mental disorders are Ã'â€"dÐ µntÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd founded on the dÐ °mÐ °gÐ µ to othÐ µr ones, dÐ µspÃ'â€"tÐ µ of the subject's Ã'â€"nsÃ'â€"ght of distress.] [Over 30% of the population in most nations report gÐ °thÐ µrÃ'â€"ng crÃ'â€"tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð ° for the forÐ µmost clÐ °ssÐ µs Ð °t somÐ µ Ã'â€"ssuÐ µ Ã'â€"n thÐ µÃ'â€"r lÃ'â€"vÐ µs (Roy, 2002).] Two models are used to determine mental disorders: the diathesis model and the bio psychosocial model. DÃ'â€"Ð °gnosÐ µs Ð °rÐ µ mÐ °dÐ µ by psychÃ'â€"Ð °trÃ'â€"sts or clÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"cÐ °l psychologists' utÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ng dÃ'â€"vÐ µrsÐ µ procedures. Psychotherapy and psych Ã'â€"Ð °trÃ'â€"c mÐ µdÃ'â€"cÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ð °rÐ µ two foremost remedy choices as are social Ã'â€"ntÐ µrvÐ µntÃ'â€"ons, group support and self-help. In some sÃ'â€"tuÐ °tÃ'â€"ons there may be Ã'â€"nvoluntÐ °ry commitment. There is still much social stigma and dÃ'â€"scrÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"nÐ °tÃ'â€"on which has been Ð °dded to thÐ µ pÐ °Ã'â€"n associated with mental disorders. Community groups have crusaded for change (M

Malayan union to establish system

Malayan union to establish system In the year of 1945, after the Japanese surrendered and ended the Second World War. Although the Japanese taken Malaya for only three and half years (from 15th February 1942 till 15th August 1945), they had left a great impact on the country. Later, the British returned to Malaya and gave the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) the opportunity to rule the government. According to the history, the MCP only controls Malaya for 14 days because during their supervision, MCP members created trouble and chaos. The British returned to Malaya in September 1945 and set up the British Military Administration (BMA) to bring back peace to Malaya. The BMA system did not last long and British come up with another new system of administration known as the Malayan Union. On April 1, 1946 the Malayan Union officially came into existence with Sir Edward Gent as its governor. The capital of the Union was Kuala Lumpur. The idea of the Union was first expressed by the British on October 1945 (plans had been presented to the War Cabinet as early as May 1944) in the aftermath of the Second World War by the British Military Administration. Sir Harold MacMichael was assigned the task of gathering the Malay state rulers approval for the Malayan Union in the same month. In a short period of time, he managed to obtain all the Malay rulers approval. The reasons for their agreement, despite the loss of political power that it entailed for the Malay rulers, has been much debated; the consensus appears to be that the main reasons were that as the Malay rulers were of course resident during the Japanese occupation, they were open to the accusation of collaboration, and that they were threatened with dethronement. Hence the approval was given, though it was with utmost reluctance. The Key Features of the Malayan Union :- 1)The Malayan Union gave equal rights to people who wished to apply for citizenship. It was automatically granted to people who were born in any state in British Malaya or Singapore and were living there before 15 February 1942, born outside British Malaya or the Straits Settlements only if their fathers were citizens of the Malayan Union and those who reached 18 years old and who had lived in British Malaya or Singapore 10 out of 15 years before 15 February 1942. The group of people eligible for application of citizenship had to live in Singapore or British Malaya for 5 out of 8 years preceding the application, had to be of good character, understand and speak the English or Malay language and had to take an oath of allegiance to the Malayan Union. 2)The Sultans, the traditional rulers of the Malay states, conceded all their powers to the British Crown except in religious matters. 3)The Malayan Union was placed under the jurisdiction of a British Governor, signalling the formal inauguration of British colonial rule in the Malay peninsula. 4)Moreover, even though State Councils were still kept functioning in the former Federated Malay States, it lost the limited autonomy that they enjoyed as they administered some local and less important aspects of government and the Federal government in Kuala Lumpur controlling vital aspects. State Councils became an extended hand of the Federal government that had to do its bidding. 5)Also, British Residents replacing the Sultans as the head of the State Councils meant that the political status of the Sultans were greatly reduced. 6)Equal rights for all citizens regardless of race origin.This includes the entry into government service and the right to vote in the general elections. 7)Made up of the nine Malay states,Penang Island and Malacca. The Failure of Malayan Union plan is due to :- The Malays generally opposed the creation of the Union. The opposition was due to the methods Sir Harold MacMichael used to acquire the Sultans approval, the reduction of the Sultans powers, and the granting of citizenship to non-Malay immigrants and their descendants-especially the ethnic Chinese, not only because of their racial and religious difference but also because their economic dominance was seen as a threat to the Malays. The United Malays National Organization or UMNO, a Malay political association formed by Dato Onn bin JaHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onn_JaafarHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onn_Jaafarafar on March 1, 1946, led the opposition against the Malayan Union. Malays also wore white bands around their heads, signifying their mourning for the loss of the Sultans political rights. However, ex-Malayan government officials criticised the way these constitutional reforms were brought about in Malaya, even saying that it went against the principles of the Atlantic Charter. They also encouraged Malay opposition to the Malayan Union. The fact that people were allowed to hold dual nationalities meant there was a possibility that the Chinese and Indians would be loyal to their home country, rather than Malaya. After the inauguration of the Malayan Union, the Malays, under UMNO, continued opposing the Malayan Union. They utilised civil disobedience as a means of protest by refusing to attend the installation ceremonies of the British governors. They had also refused to participate in the meetings of the Advisory Councils, hence Malay participation in the government bureaucracy and the political process had totally stopped. As a result of the opposition from the local people the Malayan Union was not implemented .Summarized below are the factors which lead to the failure of the Union. 1)Strong opposition from the Local Malays. The suggestion to set up the Malayan Union stirred up a strong sense of nationalism among the Malays. 2)No strong support from the non-Malays. The non-Malays were not interested in the Malayan Union because it excluded Singapore. 3)Wrong timing. Communal feelings and hostility still existed between the Malays and the Chinese as result of the Japanese Occupation. The conditions in Malaya then were still not really peaceful. Social and economic problems were obvious. The Malayan Union was accused of putting the Malays at a disadvantage and favouring the non-Malays. Malay loyalty to their ruler and state was still strong. 4)Wrong introduction. The Union was drawn up in London without taking into account the situation and wishes of the people in Malaya. There was also strong objection to the use of political blackmail to get the agreement signed. 5)Opposition from former British administrators in Malaya. They urged the British to protect the interests and special rights of the Malays. The British had recognised this problem and took measures to consider the opinions of the major races in Malaya before making amendments to the constitution. The Malayan Union ceased to exist in January, 1948. It was replaced by the Federation of Malaya. References Zakaria Haji Ahmad. Government and Politics (1940-2006). p.p 30-21 Marissa Champion. Odyssey: Perspectives on Southeast Asia Malaysia and Singapore 1870-1971. Sejarah Malaysia. Malaysian Studies-Nationhood and Citizenship. Question 2 Discuss the factors that led to the formation of Malaysia and elaborate on the strong opposition to the merger from Indonesia and the Philippines. (50 marks) Sometime in 1955, and later in 1959, Singapore had suggested that it be merged with Malaya. This proposal, however, was rejected by Malaya. At the time, Singapores population comprised mainly Chinese and Malaya feared that this would affect its racial composition, which was predominantly Malay. There was also the fear that the Communists, whose activities were still rampant in Singapore, might influence Malaya and impede its struggle to be rid of the threat of Communism. Four years after Malayas independence, however, Malayan Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman took the region by surprise on 27th May 1961, when he made a speech stating his proposal to merge Malaya, Singapore and the Borneo territories of Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei. His sudden change of mind was influenced by the state of politics and economy in Singapore and the other territories. The Factors Leading to the Proposal of a Merger One of the reasons Tunku Abdul Rahman was keen on a merger with Singapore was for economic purposes. Singapore had a large number of industrial firms and a large population, which complemented its position as one of the more important trading ports in this region. The Borneo territories, on the other hand, boasted of richness in natural resources such as oil, natural gas and timber, and fertile agricultural grounds that produced pepper, rubber and much more. Tunku Abdul Rahman believed that a merger with these colonies would be of much value to Malaya. Tunku Abdul Rahman was also seeking to liberate these colonies from colonization. Malaya had already achieved its independence four years earlier. While Singapore practiced to a large extent, a self-governing policy, Sabah and Sarawak were still very much under British control. In Brunei, the Sultan maintained his autocratic powers but was compelled to receive advise from a British Resident. Tunku Abdul Rahman felt that a merger of these colonies with Malaya would speed up independence from the British. Another factor was the stronghold of Communism over Singapore. As time passed, their activities did not cease. Singapore was then led by Lee Kuan Yew, who, frustrated with the constant disputes and strikes in the mid-1950s, decided to woo some of the Communists into his government, hoping to find favour with them and eventually soften their blows. However, the Communists were adamant about continuing their activities and eventually formed their own party, known as the Barisan Socialis, after they were forced to resign from the government. Fearing that Malaya would be in grave danger should the Communists decide to support their allies in Malaya from across the straits, Tunku Abdul Rahman felt that a merger with Singapore would make it easier to deal with the Communists. Apart from Singapore, Communism was also thriving in Sarawak, where the communists formed an underground association, which exerted its influence on workers associations, students and farmers. There also existed cultural similarities between these territories. Singapore comprised a large Chinese population, while Malaya had a mixed array of Malays, Chinese and Indians. The initial fears expressed by some UMNO members about the Malays being outnumbered by the Chinese, were dispelled when they were convinced that ethnic balance would be restored once the Borneo Territories, which comprised most Malays and indigenous groups, merged with Malaya. Response from Singapore, the Borneo Territories and Brunei Singapore still retained its initial interest in Malaya and was therefore, eager to merge with Malaya when Tunku Abdul Rahman made the proposal in 1961. The only opposition came from the Communist-dominated party, Barisan Socialis. Despite this, Lee Kuan Yew actively campaigned to support the merger. His efforts paid off and a referendum held on 1 September 1962 indicated that 71.1% of the population of Singapore supported the merger. Singapore was promised autonomy in education, revenue and labour while the central government would be operating in Kuala Lumpur. Its free entreport status would also be maintained. Like Singapore, Brunei was equally keen on the merger, since its ruler, Sultan Ali Saifuddin was hoping to gain protection from a larger country like Malaya. A.M. Azahari, the leader of the opposition party, Parti Rakyat, however, strongly opposed the merger and led a revolt against the government of Brunei, in which he was defeated. Azahari had an ulterior motive to merge all the North Borneo territories and place them under the reins of Brunei. Eventually, Brunei changed its mind after the Sultan realized that he wouldnt be given special rights above the other Sultans in Malaya and would have only limited oil reserves if Brunei merged with Malaya. The response from Sabah and Sarawak was not on par with that from Singapore and the initial response from Brunei, since both territories feared losing authority in the administration of their governments. Apart from this, the non-Malays feared that the Malays in Sabah and Sarawak would be even more dominant should the merger take place. To allay their fears, Tunku Abdul Rahman went to these territories in June 1961 and set up the Malaysia Solidarity Consultative Committee (MSCC) to inform the people of the benefits of the merger. The Cobbold Commission When Tunku Abdul Rahman flew to London to discuss the formation Malaysia with the British government in November 1961, the British were very much in favour of it, but stipulated that the Borneo territories should agree with the merger. Hence, the British formed the Cobbold Commission led by Lord Cobbold, to investigate the reaction of the people in Sabah and Sarawak towards the merger. Two months later, after receiving thousands of letters, conducting thousands of interviews with the people of Sabah and Sarawak and countless public meetings, a conclusion was reached. Only one third of the population rejected the merger, hoping to join Malaya only after they achieved their independence. The other two thirds either supported the merger wholeheartedly or supported it on the grounds that their rights be maintained. Since the merger won the favour of the majority, it was approved by the British. On 16th September 1963, Malaya, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak became one nation, known as Malaysia. Once again, an official proclamation was made by Tunku Abdul Rahman at the Merdeka Stadium. Two years later, however, on 9th August 1965, Singapore broke away from Malaysia and formed its own government. Protest from neighbouring countries When Malaysia was formed, Indonesia and the Philippines disapproved of the new establishment due to their own ulterior motives. The Philippines claimed ownership of Sabah, stating that Sabah came under the Sulu Sultanate which belonged to the Philippines. As such, the Philippines did not acknowledge Malaysia as an independent country or the official declaration that took place on16th September 1963. The president of the Philippines, Macapagal had severed diplomatic ties with Malaysia. It was only sometime in June 1966, that the Philippines gave due recognition to Malaysia and acknowledged it as an independent country. Indonesia, on the other hand, was hoping to merge with Malaya to form Indonesia Raya and at the same time, establish an independent North Borneo Federation comprising Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei. The Indonesian president at the time, Sukarno, was heavily influenced by the Communist party in Indonesia and subsequently declared a Confrontation policy of on Malaysia from January 1963 to August 1966 to voice his objection of the formations of Malaysia. During this period, Indonesia put a halt to all diplomatic relations with Malaysia and launched an attack. The first stops the Indonesians made were at Pontian, Labis, Muar and Kota Tinggi. Agents were sent to overthrow the Malaysian government and at the same time, create misunderstanding among Malays and Chinese. The confrontation came to an eventual end when Sukarno was replaced by Suharto as the president of Indonesia. Consequently, a peace treaty was signed between both countries in Jun 1966. Singapore decided to withdraw from Malaysia on 9th August 1965 to form her own Republic due to some disagreements, particularly about special rights of the natives. Hence, Malaysia today comprises Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. Malaysia has now been enjoying independence for 53 years and is known to the world as a sovereign country. We are able to achieve economic, political and social stability and move rapidly towards a developed country. Although Malaysia is a plural society that consists of various races, they are able to live, co-operate and co-exist in harmony to build a strong and developed country. The understanding among the races, which creates unity in the country, plays a very important role in moulding Malaysia to be a politically stable country.

Electronics and Communication Engineering (Ece) Syllabus Book R07

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD B. TECH. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING I YEAR COURSE STRUCTURE Code Subject English Mathematics – I Mathematical Methods Applied Physics C Programming and Data Structures Network Analysis Electronic Devices and Circuits Engineering Drawing Computer Programming Lab. IT Workshop Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab English Language Communication Skills Lab. Total T 2+1 3+1 3+1 2+1 3+1 2+1 3+1 25 P/D 3 3 3 3 3 15 C 4 6 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 56JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD. B. TECH. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING II Year COURSE STRUCTURE Code Subject Mathematics – III Probability Theory and Stochastic Processes Environmental Studies Signals and Systems Electrical Technology Electronic Circuit Analysis Electronic Circuits Lab. Electrical Technology Lab. II YEAR II Semester Code Subject Pulse and Digital Circuits Control Systems Object Oriented Programming Switching Theory and Logic Design EM Waves and Transmission Lines Analog Communications Analog Communications Lab.Pulse and Digital Circuits Lab. T 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 30 P 3 3 6 C 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 28 T 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 30 P 3 3 6 C 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 28 I Semester JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD. B. TECH. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING III Year COURSE STRUCTURE Code Subject Managerial Economics and Financial Analysis Computer Organization Linear IC Applications Digital IC Applications Antennas and Wave Propagation Digital Communications Digital Communications Lab.IC Applications and ECAD Lab. T 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 30 P 3 3 6 C 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 28 II Semester Subject Management Science Telecommunication Switching Systems Digital Signal Processing VLSI Design Microwave Engineering Microprocessors and Interfacing Electronic Computer Aided Design Lab. Advanced English Communication Skills Lab T 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 30 P 3 3 6 C 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 28 I Semester III YEAR CodeJAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD. B. TECH. ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING IV Year COURSE STRUCTURE Code Subject Computer Networks Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation Cellular and Mobile Communications Radar Systems Elective-I Micro Controllers and Applications Television Engineering Operating Systems Elective-II Digital Image Processing Satellite Communications Data Base Management Systems Microwave and Optical Communications Lab.Digital Signal Processing Lab IV Year COURSE STRUCTURE Code Subject Optical Communications Elective-III Embedded and Real Time Systems Bio-Medical Instrumentation Digital Design Through Verilog Elective-IV Wireless Communications and Networks DSP Processors and Architectures Artificial Neural Networks Industry Oriented Mini Project Seminar Project Work Comprehensive Viva T 4+1* 4+1* P C 4 4 T 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* 4+1* P C 4 4 4 4 4 I Semester 4+1* – 4 30 3 3 6 2 2 28 II Semester 4+1* †“ 4 15 – 2 2 10 2 28 Note :All End Examinations (Theory and Practical) are of three hours duration. * – Tutorial T – Theory P – Practical C – Credits D – Drawing I Year B. Tech. ECE JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD T 2+1* ENGLISH P 0 C 4 1. INTRODUCTION : In view of the growing importance of English as a tool for global communication and the consequent emphasis on training students to acquire communicative competence, the syllabus has been designed to develop linguistic and communicative competence of Engineering students.The prescribed books and the exercises are meant to serve broadly as students’ handbooks. In the English classes, the focus should be on the skills of reading, writing, listening and speaking and for this the teachers should use the text prescribed for detailed study. For example, the students should be encouraged to read the texts/selected paragraphs silently. The teachers can ask comprehension questions to stimulate discussion and based on the discussions students can be made to write short paragraphs/essays etc.The text for non-detailed study is for extensive reading/reading for pleasure by the students. Hence, it is suggested that they read it on their own with topics selected for discussion in the class. The time should be utilized for working out the exercises given after each section , as also for supplementing the exercises with authentic materials of a similar kind for example, from newspaper articles, advertisements, promotional material etc.. However, the stress in this syllabus is on skill development and practice of language skills. 2.OBJECTIVES: a. To improve the language proficiency of the students in English with emphasis on LSRW skills. b. To equip the students to study academic subjects with greater facility through the theoretical and practical components of the English syllabus. c. To develop the study skills and communication skills in formal and inform al situations. 3. SYLLABUS : Listening Skills: Objectives 1. To enable students to develop their listening skill so that they may appreciate its role in the LSRW skills approach to language and improve their pronunciation 2.To equip students with necessary training in listening so that can comprehend the speech of people of different backgrounds and regions Students should be given practice in listening to the sounds of the language to be able to recognise them, to distinguish between them to mark stress and recognise and use the right intonation in sentences. †¢ Listening for general content †¢ Listening to fill up information †¢ Intensive listening †¢ Listening for specific information Speaking Skills : Objectives 1. To make students aware of the role of speaking in English and its contribution to their success. 2.To enable students to express themselves fluently and appropriately in social and professional contexts. †¢ Oral practice †¢ Describing obj ects/situations/people †¢ Role play – Individual/Group activities (Using exercises from all the nine units of the prescribed text: Learning English : A Communicative Approach. ) †¢ Just A Minute(JAM) Sessions. Reading Skills: Objectives 1. To develop an awareness in the students about the significance of silent reading and comprehension. 2. To develop the ability of students to guess the meanings of words from context and grasp the overall message of the text, draw inferences etc. Skimming the text †¢ Understanding the gist of an argument †¢ Identifying the topic sentence †¢ Inferring lexical and contextual meaning †¢ Understanding discourse features †¢ Recognizing coherence/sequencing of sentences NOTE : The students will be trained in reading skills using the prescribed text for detailed study. They will be examined in reading and answering questions using ‘unseen’ passages which may be taken from the non-detailed text or othe r authentic texts, such as magazines/newspaper articles. Writing Skills : Objectives 1. To develop an awareness in the students about writing as an exact and formal skill 2.To equip them with the components of different forms of writing, beginning with the lower order ones. †¢ Writing sentences †¢ Use of appropriate vocabulary †¢ Paragraph writing †¢ Coherence and cohesiveness †¢ Narration / description †¢ Note Making †¢ Formal and informal letter writing †¢ Editing a passage 4. TEXTBOOKS PRESCRIBED: In order to improve the proficiency of the student in the acquisition of the four skills mentioned above, the following texts and course content, divided into Eight Units, are prescribed: For Detailed study 1. LEARNING ENGLISH: A Communicative Approach, Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 2006. Six Selected Lessons) For Non-detailed study 2. WINGS OF FIRE: An Autobiography – APJ Abdul Kalam, Abridged version with Exercises, Universities Press (India ) Pvt. Ltd. , 2004. A. STUDY MATERIAL: Unit –I 1. Astronomy from LEARNING ENGLISH: A Communicative Approach, Orient Longman, 2005. 2. Unit –II Chapters 1-4 from Wings of Fire: An Autobiography – APJ Abdul Kalam, an abridged version with Exercises, Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd. ,2004 Information Technology from LEARNING ENGLISH: A Communicative Approach, Orient Longman, 2005.Chapters 5-8 from Wings of Fire: An Autobiography – APJ Abdul Kalam, an abridged version with Exercises, Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd. ,2004 Humour from LEARNING ENGLISH: A Communicative Approach, Orient Longman, 2005. Chapters 9-12 from Wings of Fire: An Autobiography – APJ Abdul Kalam, an abridged version with Exercises. , Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd. ,2004 Environment from LEARNING ENGLISH: A Communicative Approach, Orient Longman, 2005. Chapters 13-16 from Wings of Fire: An Autobiography – APJ Abdul Kalam, an abridged version with Exercises, Univ ersities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd. ,2004 3. 4.Unit –III 5. 6. Unit –IV 7. 8. Unit –V 9. Inspiration from LEARNING ENGLISH: A Communicative Approach, Orient Longman, 2005. 10. Chapters 17-20 from Wings of Fire: An Autobiography – APJ Abdul Kalam, an abridged version with Exercises, Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd. ,2004. Unit – VI 11. Human Interest from LEARNING ENGLISH: A Communicative Approach, Orient Longman, 2005. 12. Chapters 21-24 from Wings of Fire: An Autobiography – APJ Abdul Kalam, an abridged version with Exercises, Universities Press (India) Pvt. Ltd. , 2004. * Exercises from the lessons not prescribed shall also be used for classroom tasks.Unit – VII Exercises on Reading and Writing Skills Reading Comprehension Situational dialogues Letter writing Essay writing Unit – VIII Practice Exercises on Remedial Grammar covering Common errors in English, Subject-Verb agreement, Use of Articles and Prepositions, Tense and aspect Vocabulary development covering Synonyms & Antonyms, one-word substitutes, prefixes & suffixes, Idioms & phrases, words often confused. REFERENCES : 1. Strengthen Your English, Bhaskaran & Horsburgh, Oxford University Press 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Basic Communication Skills for Technology, Andrea J Rutherfoord, Pearson Education Asia.Murphy’s English Grammar with CD, Murphy, Cambridge University Press English Skills for Technical Students by Orient Longman Everyday Dialogues in English by Robert J. Dixson, Prentice-Hall of India Ltd. , 2006. English For Technical Communication, Vol. 1 & 2, by K. R. Lakshmi Narayanan, Sci tech. Publications. A Hand book of English for Engineers & Technologists by Dr. P. Eliah, B. S. Publications. Developing Communication Skills by Krishna Mohan & Meera Benerji (Macmillan) Speaking and Writing for Effective Business Communication, Francis Soundararaj, MacMillan India Ltd. , 2007.The Oxford Guide to Writing and Speaking, John Seely, O xford I Year B. Tech. ECE JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD T 3+1* MATHEMATICS – I P 0 C 6 UNIT – I Differential equations of first order and first degree – exact, linear and Bernoulli. Applications to Newton’s Law of cooling, Law of natural growth and decay, orthogonal trajectories. UNIT – II Non-homogeneous linear differential equations of second and higher order with constant coefficients with RHS term of the type e ax , Sin ax, cos ax, polynomials in x, e ax V(x), xV(x), method of variation of parameters.UNIT – III Rolle’s Theorem – Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem – Cauchy’s mean value Theorem – Generalized Mean Value theorem (all theorems without proof) Functions of several variables – Functional dependenceJacobian- Maxima and Minima of functions of two variables with constraints and without constraints UNIT – IV Radius, Centre and Circle of Curvature – Evolu tes and Envelopes Curve tracing – Cartesian , polar and Parametric curves. UNIT – V Applications of integration to lengths, volumes and surface areas in Cartesian and polar coordinates multiple integrals – double and triple integrals – change of variables – change of order of integration.UNIT – VI Sequences – series – Convergences and divergence – Ratio test – Comparison test – Integral test – Cauchy’s root test – Raabe’s test – Absolute and conditional convergence UNIT – VII Vector Calculus: Gradient- Divergence- Curl and their related properties of sums- products- Laplacian and second order operators. Vector Integration – Line integral – work done – Potential function – area- surface and volume integrals Vector integral theorems: Green’s theorem-Stoke’s and Gauss’s Divergence Theorem (With out proof). Verification o f Green’s – Stoke’s and Gauss’s Theorems.UNIT – VIII Laplace transform of standard functions – Inverse transform – first shifting Theorem, Transforms of derivatives and integrals – Unit step function – second shifting theorem – Dirac’s delta function – Convolution theorem – Periodic function – Differentiation and integration of transforms-Application of Laplace transforms to ordinary differential equations Partial fractions-Heaviside’s Partial fraction expansion theorem. Text Books: 1. A text Book of Engineering Mathematics, Vol-1 T. K. V. Iyengar, B. Krishna Gandhi and Others, S. Chand & Company. 2.A text Book of Engineering Mathematics, C. Sankaraiah, V. G. S. Book Links. 3. A text Book of Engineering Mathematics, Shahnaz Bathul, Right Publishers. 4. A text Book of Engineering Mathematics, P. Nageshwara Rao, Y. Narasimhulu & N. Prabhakar Rao, Deepthi Publications. References: 1 . A text Book of Engineering Mathematics, B. V. Raman, Tata Mc Graw Hill. 2. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Irvin Kreyszig, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. 3. A text Book of Engineering Mathematics, Thamson Book Collection. I Year B. Tech. ECE JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD T 3+1*P 0 C 6 MATHEMATICAL METHODS UNIT – I Matrices and Linear systems of equations: Elementary row transformations-Rank-Echelon form, Normal form – Solution of Linear Systems – Direct Methods- LU Decomposition- LU Decomposition from Gauss Elimination –Solution of Tridiagonal Systems-Solution of Linear Systems UNIT – II Eigen values, eigen vectors – properties – Cayley-Hamilton Theorem – Inverse and powers of a matrix by Cayley-Hamilton theorem – Diagonolization of matrix. Calculation of powers of matrix – Modal and spectral matrices.UNIT – III Real matrices – Symmetric, skew – symmetric, orthogonal, Linear T ransformation – Orthogonal Transformation. Complex matrices: Hermitian, Skew-Hermitian and Unitary – Eigen values and eigen vectors of complex matrices and their properties. Quadratic forms- Reduction of quadratic form to canonical form – Rank – Positive, negative definite – semi definite – index – signature – Sylvester law. UNIT – IV . Solution of Algebraic and Transcendental Equations: Introduction – The Bisection Method – The Method of False Position – The Iteration Method – Newton-Raphson Method.Interpolation: Introduction- Errors in Polynomial Interpolation – Finite differences- Forward DifferencesBackward differences –Central differences – Symbolic relations and separation of symbols-Differences of a polynomial-Newton’s formulae for interpolation – Central difference interpolation Formulae – Gauss Central Difference Formulae –Interpolation with unevenly spaced points-Lagrange’s Interpolation formula. UNIT – V Curve fitting: Fitting a straight line –Second degree curve-exponentional curve-power curve by method of least squares. Numerical Differentiation and Integration– Trapezoidal rule – Simpson’s 1/3 Rule –Simpson’s 3/8 Rule.UNIT – VI Numerical solution of Ordinary Differential equations: Solution by Taylor’s series-Picard’s Method of successive Approximations-Euler’s Method-Runge-Kutta Methods –Predictor-Corrector Methods- AdamsMoulton Method –Milne’s Method. UNIT – VII Fourier Series: Determination of Fourier coefficients – Fourier series – even and odd functions – Fourier series in an arbitrary interval – even and odd periodic continuation – Half-range Fourier sine and cosine expansions. Fourier integral theorem (only statement)– Fourier sine and cosine integral s.Fourier transform – Fourier sine and cosine transforms – properties – inverse transforms – Finite Fourier transforms. UNIT – VIII Formation of partial differential equations by elimination of arbitrary constants and arbitrary functions – solutions of first order linear (Lagrange) equation and nonlinear (standard type) equations. Method of separation of variables. z-transform – inverse z-transform – properties – Damping rule – Shifting rule – Initial and final value theorems. Convolution theorem – Solution of difference equation by z-transforms. Text Books: 1. Mathematical Methods, T. K. V. Iyengar, B. Krishna Gandhi and Others, S.Chand & Company. 2. Mathematical Methods, C. Sankaraiah, V. G. S. Book Links. 3. A text book of Mathematical Methods, V. Ravindranath, A. Vijayalaxmi, Himalaya Publishers. 4. A text book of Mathematical Methods, Shahnaz Bathul, Right Publisshers. References: 1. A text Book of Engineering Mathematics, B. V. Raman, Tata Mc Graw Hill. 2. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Irvin Kreyszig, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. 3. Numerical Methods for Scientific and Engineering Computation, M. K. Jain, S. R. K. Iyengar & R. K. Jain, New Age International Publishers. 4. Elementary Numerical Analysis, Aitkinson & Han, Wiely India, 3rd Edition, 2006 I Year B.Tech. ECE UNIT I JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD T 2+1* APPLIED PHYSICS P 0 C 4 BONDING IN SOLIDS : Introduction – Types of bonding in solids – Estimation of cohesive energy – Madelung constant. CRYSTAL STRUCTURES AND X-RAY DIFFRACTION: Introduction -Space lattice – Basis – Unit cell Lattice parameter – Bravais lattices – Crystal systems – Structure and packing fractions of Simple cubic Body centered cubic – Face centered cubic crystals – Directions and planes in crystals – Miller indices Separation between successive [h k l] planes – Diffraction of X-rays by crystal planes – Bragg’s law – Laue method – Powder method.UNIT II PRINCIPLES OF QUANTUM MECHANICS: Waves and particles – Planck’s quantum theory – de Broglie hypothesis – Matter waves – Davisson and Germer experiment – G. P. Thomson experiment – Heisenberg uncertainty principle – Schrodinger’s time independent wave equation – Physical significance of the wave function – Particle in one dimensional potential box. UNIT III ELECTRON THEORY OF METALS: Classical free electron theory – Mean free path – Relaxation time and drift velocity – Quantum free electron theory – Fermi-Dirac distribution (analytical) and its dependence on temparature – Fermi energy – Electron scattering and resistance.BAND THEORY OF SOLIDS: Bloch theorem – Kronig-Penney model (qualitative treatment) – Origin of ener gy band formation in solids – Classification of materials into conductors, semi conductors & insulators Concept of effective mass of an electron. UNIT IV DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES: Introduction – Dielectric constant – Electronic, ionic and orientational polarizations – Internal fields in solids – Clausius – Mossotti equation – Dielectrics in alternating fields – Frequency dependence of the polarizability – Ferro and Piezo electricity.MAGNETIC PROPERTIES : Permeability – Magnetization – Origin of magnetic moment – Classification of magnetic materials – Dia, para and ferro magnetism – Hysteresis curve – Soft and hard magnetic materials. UNIT V SEMICONDUCTORS : Introduction – Intrinsic semiconductor and carrier concentration – Equation for conductivity – Extrinsic semiconductor and carrier concentration – Drift and diffusion – Einstein’s equatio n Hall effect – Direct & indirect band gap semiconductors.SUPERCONDUCTIVITY: General properties – Meissner effect – Penetration depth – Type I and Type II superconductors – Flux quantization – DC and AC Josephson effect –BCS Theory – Applications of superconductors. UNIT VI LASERS: Introduction – Characteristics of Lasers – Spontaneous and stimulated emission of radiation Einstein’s coefficients – Population inversion – Ruby laser – Helium-Neon Laser – CO2 laser -Semiconductor Laser – Applications of lasers.UNIT VII FIBER OPTICS AND HOLOGRAPHY: Introduction – Principle of optical fiber – Acceptance angle and acceptance cone – Numerical aperture – Types of optical fibers and refractive index profiles – Attenuation in optical fibers – Application of optical fibers – Basic principles of holography – Construction and reco nstruction of image on hologram – Applications of holography. UNIT VIII SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY OF NANOMATERIALS: Introduction to Nano materials – Basic principles of Nanoscience & Technology – Fabrication of nano materials – Physical & chemical properties of nanomaterials – Carbon nanotubes – Applications of nanotechnology.TEXTBOOKS: 1. Applied Physics 2nd edition by Dr. P. Appala Naidu & Dr. M. Chandra Shekar, V. G. S. Book links. 2. Introduction to Solid State Physics by C. Kittel ; Wiley Eastern Ltd. 3. Nanotechnology by Mark Ratner and Daniel Ratner; Pearson Education. REFERENCES: 1. Materials Science and Engineering by V. Raghavan; Prentice-Hall India. 2. Materials Science by M. Arumugam; Anuradha Agencies. 3. Solid State Physics by N. W. Ashcroft & N. David Merwin; Thomson Learning. 4.Materials Science by M. S. Vijaya & G. Rangarajan; Tata McGraw Hill. 5. Solid State Physics by P. K. Palanisamy; Scitech Publications (India) Pvt. Ltd. 6. Nano Materials by A. K. Bandyopadhyay, New Age International Publishers. 7. Applied Physics by P. K. Mittal; I. K. International. 8. Applied Physics by K. Vijay Kumar & T. Sreekanth; S. Chand & Company Ltd. I Year B. Tech. ECE JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD T 3+1* C PROGRAMMING AND DATA STRUCTURES P 0 C 6UNIT – I Algorithm / pseudo code, flowchart, program development steps, structure of C program, A Simple C program, identifiers, basic data types and sizes, Constants, variables, arithmetic, relational and logical operators, increment and decrement operators, conditional operator, bit-wise operators, assignment operators, expressions, type conversions, conditional expressions, precedence and order of evaluation. Input-output statements, statements and blocks, if and switch statements, loops- while, do-while and for statements, break, continue, goto and labels, programming examples.UNIT – II Designing structured programs, Functions, basics, paramete r passing, storage classes- extern, auto, register, static, scope rules, block structure, user defined functions, standard library functions, recursive functions, header files, C preprocessor, example c programs. UNIT – III Arrays- concepts, declaration, definition, accessing elements, storing elements, arrays and functions, twodimensional and multi-dimensional arrays, applications of arrays. pointers- concepts, initialization of pointer ariables, pointers and function arguments, address arithmetic, Character pointers and functions, pointers to pointers, pointers and multidimensional arrays, dynamic memory managements functions, command line arguments, c program examples. UNIT – IV Derived types- structures- declaration, definition and initialization of structures, accessing structures, nested structures, arrays of structures, structures and functions, pointers to structures, self referential structures, unions, typedef, bitfields, C program examples.UNIT – V In put and output – concept of a file, text files and binary files, streams, standard I/o, Formatted I/o, file I/o operations, error handling, C program examples. UNIT – VI Searching – Linear and binary search methods, sorting – Bubble sort, selection sort, Insertion sort, Quick sort, merge sort. UNIT – VII Introduction to data structures, singly linked lists, doubly linked lists, circular list, representing stacks and queues in C using arrays and linked lists, infix to post fix conversion, postfix expression evaluation.UNIT – VIII Trees- Binary tress, terminology, representation, traversals, graphs- terminology, representation, graph traversals (dfs & bfs) TEXT BOOKS : 1. Computer science, A structured programming approach using C, B. A. Forouzan and R. F. Gilberg, Third edition, Thomson. 2. DataStructures Using C – A. S. Tanenbaum, Y. Langsam, and M. J. Augenstein, PHI/Pearson education. REFERENCES : 1. C& Data structures – P. P admanabham, B. S. Publications. 2. The C Programming Language, B. W. Kernighan, Dennis M. Ritchie, PHI/Pearson Education 3. C Programming with problem solving, J. A. Jones & K. Harrow, dreamtech Press 4.Programming in C – Stephen G. Kochan, III Edition, Pearson Eductaion. 5. Data Structures and Program Design in C, R. Kruse, C. L. Tondo, BP Leung, Shashi M, Second Edition, Pearson Education. I Year B. Tech. ECE JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD T 2+1* NETWORK ANALYSIS P 0 C 4 UNIT – I Introduction to Electrical Circuits Circuit Concept – R-L-C parameters – Voltage and Current sources – Independent and dependent sourcesSource transformation – Voltage – Current relationship for passive elements – Kirchoff’s laws – network reduction techniques – series, parallel, series parallel, star-to-delta or delta-to-star transformation.UNIT – II A. C Circuits – I R. M. S and Average value s and form factor for different periodic wave forms, Steady state analysis of R, L and C (in series, parallel and series parallel combinations) with sinusoidal excitation – Concept of self and mutual inductances – co-efficient of coupling series circuit analysis with mutual inductance. UNIT – III A. C Circuits – II Resonance – series, parallel circuits, concept of band width and Q factor. Three phase circuits: Phase sequence – Star and delta connection – Relation between line and phase voltages and currents in balanced systems – Calculations of active and reactive power.UNIT – IV Network topology Definitions – Graph – Tree, Basic cutset and Basic Tieset matrices for planar networks – Loop and Nodal methods of analysis of Networks with independent and dependent voltage and current sources – Duality & Dual networks. UNIT – V Network Theorems Tellegens, Superposition, Reciprocity, Thevinin ’s, Norton’s, Max Power Transfer theorem. Milliman’s Theorem – Statement and proofs problem solving using dependent and independent sources for d. c and a. c excitation.UNIT – VI Two-port networks Z,Y, ABCD, h-parameters – Conversion of one parameter to another parameter – condition for reciprocity and symmetry – 2 port network connections in series, parallel and cascaded – problem solving. UNIT – VII Transient Analysis Transient response of R-L, R-C, R-L-C circuits (Series combinations only) for d. c. and sinusoidal excitations – Initial conditions – Solution using differential equation approach and Laplace transform methods of solutions. UNIT – VIII Filters L. P, H. P, B. P, B. E, Prototype filters design – M-derived filters of L.P. and H. P. – Composite filter design of L. P. and H. P design of various symmetrical attenuators. TEXT BOOKS : 1. Network Analysis – ME Van V alkenburg, Prentice Hall of India, 3rd Edition, 2000. 2. Networks, Lines and Fields – JD Ryder, PHI, 2nd Edition, 1999. REFERENCES : 1. Engineering Circuit Analysis – William Hayt and Jack E Kemmerly, McGraw Hill, 5th Edition, 1993. 2. Network Analysis – N. C. Jagan and C. Lakshminarayana, B. S. Publications, 2006. 3. Electric Circuits – J. Edminister and M. Nahvi – Schaum’s Outlines, TMH, 1999. . Electrical circuits by A. Chakarborthy, Dhanpath Rai & Co. , I Year B. Tech. ECE JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD T 3+1* ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS P 0 C 6 UNIT-I ELECTRON DYNAMICS AND CRO: Motion of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields. Simple problems involving electric and magnetic fields only. Electrostatic and magnetic focusing. Principles of CRT, deflection sensitivity (Electrostatic and magnetic deflection), Parallel Electric and Magnetic fields, Perpendicular Electric and Magnetic fields.UNIT- II JUNCTIO N DIODE CHARACTERISTICS : Review of semi conductor Physics – n and p –type semi conductors, Mass Action Law, Continuity Equation, Hall Effect, Fermi level in intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, Open-circuited p-n junction, The p-n junction Energy band diagram of PN diode, PN diode as as a rectifier (forward bias and reverse bias), The current components in p-n diode, Law of junction, Diode equation, Volt-ampere characteristics of p-n diode, Temperature dependence of VI characteristic, Transition and Diffusion capacitances, Step graded junction, Breakdown Mechanisms in Semi Conductor (Avalanche and Zener breakdown) Diodes, Zener diode characteristics, Characteristics of Tunnel Diode with the help of energy band diagrams, Varactar Diode, LED, LCD. And photo diode UNIT- III RECTIFIERS, FILTERS AND REGULATORS : Half wave rectifier, ripple factor, full wave rectifier, Harmonic components in a rectifier circuit, Inductor filter, Capacitor filter, L- ? section filter, ? à ¢â‚¬â€œ section filter, Multiple Lsection and Multiple ? section filter, and comparison of various filter circuits? n terms of ripple factors, Simple circuit of a regulator using zener diode, Series and Shunt voltage regulators UNIT- IV TRANSISTOR and FET CHARACTERISTICS : Junction transistor, Transistor current components, Transistor as an amplifier, Transistor construction, Detailed study of currents in a transistor, Transistor alpha, Input and Output characteristics of transistor in Common Base, Common Emitter, and Common collector configurations, Relation between Alpha and Beta, typical transistor junction voltage values, JFET characteristics (Qualitative and Quantitative discussion), Small signal model of JFET, MOSFET characterisitics (Enhancement and depletion mode), Symbols of MOSFET, Comparison of Transistors, Introduction to SCR and UJT.UNIT-V BIASING AND STABILISATION : BJT biasing, DC equivalent model, criteria for fixing operating point, Fixed bias, Collector to base bia s, Self bias techniques for stabilization, Stabilization factors, (S, S ‘, S'’), Compensation techniques, (Compensation against variation in VBE, Ico,) Thermal run away, Thermal stability, UNIT- VI AMPLIFIERS : Small signal low frequency transistor amplifier circuits: h-parameter representation of a transistor, Analysis of single stage transistor amplifier using h-parameters: voltage gain, current gain, Input impedance and Output impedance. Comparison of transistor configurations in terms of AI , Ri , Av , Ro, UNIT- VII FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS : Concept of feedback, Classification of feedback amplifiers, General characteristics of negative feedback amplifiers, Effect of Feedback on input and output characteristics, Voltage series, voltage shunt, current series, and current shunt feedback amplifiers with discrete components and their analysis UNIT-VIII OSCILLATORS : Condition for oscillations.RC-phase shift oscillators with Transistor and FET, Hartley and Colpitts oscillator s, Wein bridge oscillator, Crystal oscillators, Frequency and amplitude stability of oscillators, TEXT BOOKS : 1. Electronic Devices and Circuits – J. Millman, C. C. Halkias, and Satyabratha Jit Tata McGraw Hill, 2nd Ed. , 2007. 2. Electronic Devices and Circuits – R. L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, Pearson/Prentice Hall,9th Edition,2006. REFERENCES : 1. Electronic Devices and Circuits – T. F. Bogart Jr. , J. S. Beasley and G. Rico, Pearson Education, 6th edition, 2004. 2. Principles of Electronic Circuits – S. G. Burns and P. R. Bond, Galgotia Publications, 2nd Edn.. , 1998. 3. Microelectronics – Millman and Grabel, Tata McGraw Hill, 1988. 4.Electronic Devices and Circuits – Dr. K. Lal Kishore, B. S. Publications, 2nd Edition, 2005. 5. Electronic Devices and Circuits- Prof GS N Raju I K International Publishing House Pvt . Ltd 2006 I Year B. Tech. ECE JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD T 0 ENGINEERING DRAWING P 3 C 4 UNIT – I Introduction to engineering graphics – construction of ellipse, parabola and hyperbola – cylindrical curves. UNIT – II Orthographic projections of points, lines and planes – axis inclined to one planes and inclined to both the planes. UNIT – III Orthographic projections of solids : Cylinder, cone, prism, pyramid and sphere positions and axis inclined to both the planes.UNIT – IV Isomeric projections of lines, planes and simple solids UNIT – V Conversion of orthographic views into isometric views and vice-versa. TEXT BOOKS : 1. Engineering drawings By N. D. Bhatt 2 Engineering graphics By K. L. Narayana & P. Kannayya REFERENCES:1. Engineering drawing and graphics: Venugopal/ New age 2. Engineering drawing : Johle / TMH I Year B. Tech. ECE JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD T 0 COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LAB P 3 C 4 Objectives: †¢ To make the student learn a programming language. †¢ To teach the student to write programs in C solve the problems †¢ To Introduce the student to simple linear and non linear data structures such as lists, stacks, queues, trees and graphs.Recommended Systems/Software Requirements: †¢ †¢ Intel based desktop PC ANSI C Compiler with Supporting Editors Week l. a) Write a C program to find the sum of individual digits of a positive integer. b) A Fibonacci Sequence is defined as follows: the first and second terms in the sequence are 0 and 1. Subsequent terms are found by adding the preceding two terms in the sequence. Write a C program to generate the first n terms of the sequence. c) Write a C program to generate all the prime numbers between 1 and n, where n is a value supplied by the user. Week 2. a) Write a C program to calculate the following Sum: Sum=1-x2/2! +x4/4! -x6/6! +x8/8! -x10/10! b) Write a C program toe find the roots of a quadratic equation.Week 3 a) Write C programs that use both recursive and non-recursive functions i) To find the factorial of a given integer. ii) To find the GCD (greatest common divisor) of two given integers. iii) To solve Towers of Hanoi problem. Week 4 a) The total distance travelled by vehicle in ‘t’ seconds is given by distance = ut+1/2at2 where ‘u’ and ‘a’ are the initial velocity (m/sec. ) and acceleration (m/sec2). Write C program to find the distance travelled at regular intervals of time given the values of ‘u’ and ‘a’. The program should provide the flexibility to the user to select his own time intervals and repeat the calculations for different values of ‘u’ and ‘a’. ) Write a C program, which takes two integer operands and one operator form the user, performs the operation and then prints the result. (Consider the operators +,-,*, /, % and use Switch Statement) Week 5a) Write a C program to find both the larges and smallest number in a list of integers. b) Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following: i) Addition of Two Matrices ii) Multiplication of Two Matrices Week 6 a) Write a C program that uses functions to perform the following operations: i) To insert a sub-string in to given main string from a given position. ii) To delete n Characters from a given position in a given string. ) Write a C program to determine if the given string is a palindrome or not Week 7 a) Write a C program that displays the position or index in the string S where the string T begins, or – 1 if S doesn’t contain T. b) Write a C program to count the lines, words and characters in a given text. Week 8 a) Write a C program to generate Pascal’s triangle. b) Write a C program to construct a pyramid of numbers. Week 9 Write a C program to read in two numbers, x and n, and then compute the sum of this geometric progression: 1+x+x2+x3+†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. +xn For example: if n is 3 and x is 5, then the program computes 1+5+25+125. Print x, n, the sum Perform error checking. For example, the formula does not make sense for negative exponents – if n is less than 0. Have your program print an error message if n